STCW公约（International Convention on Standards of Training，Certification And Watchkeeping for Seafarers）最初通过的时间为（）。A、1978年7月7日B、1973年7月7日C、1975年7月7日D、1984年4月28日

下列关于STCW78／95公约的说法中，正确的是＿。

A.STCW78／95公约主要包括公约正文、规则、STCW规则

B.STCW78／95公约分为A、B两部分

C.STCW78／95规则分为A、B两部分

D.STCW78／95规则为强制性标准

STCW 78/95 Convention shall apply to seafarers _____ on board seagoing ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party.

A.served

B.serving

C.surveyed

D.surveying

The______Convention is the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers on an international level.

A.STCW78

B.STCW95

C.SOLAS74

D.SOLAS88

材料：

The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers on an international level. Previously the standards of training, certification and watch-keeping of officers and ratings were established by individual governments, usually without reference to practices in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied widely, even though shipping is the most international of all industries.

The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.

The Convention did not deal with manning levels: IMO provisions in this area are covered by regulation 13 of Chapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, whose requirements are backed up by resolution A.890(21) Principles of safe manning, adopted by the IMO Assembly in 1999, which replaced an earlier resolution A.481(XII) adopted in 1981.

The Articles of the Convention include requirements relating to issues surrounding certification and Port State Control.

One especially important feature of the Convention is that it applies to ships of non-party States when visiting ports of States which are Parties to the Convention. Article X requires Parties to apply the control measures to ships of all flags to the extent necessary to ensure that no more favorable treatment is given to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State which is not a Party than is given to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State that is a Party.

The difficulties which could arise for ships of States which are not Parties to the Convention is one reason why the Convention has received such wide acceptance. By December 2000, the STCW Convention had 135 Parties, representing 97.53 percent of world shipping tonnage.

问题：

Before the establish of the STCW78, the standards of training, certification and watch-keeping of seafarers _____.

A.were established by IMO

B.were established by a famous organization

C.were established by individual governments with reference to practices in other countries

D.varied widely among countries

The regulation 13 of Chapter V of the SOLAS 1974 covered _____.A.the manning of ships

B.the standards of training certification

C.the standards of training

D.the standards of watch-keeping

One especially important feature of the STCW Convention is _____.A.the adoption of the policy “ more favorable treatment”

B.“ no more favorable treatment” to Non-parties of the convention

C.the adoption of the minimum standards

D.the adoption of the obligatory standards

One reason why the Convention has received such wide acceptance is _____.A.that it is only the minimum standards

B.that it is the obligatory standards

C.that it is established by IMO

D.difficulties could arise for ships entitled to fly the flag of a Non-Party State

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

In medical training standards，seafarers are not required to demonstrate their ability ______．

A.to provide medical first aid on board

B.to take charge of medical care on board ships

C.to take immediate effective action in the case of accidents or illness likely to occur on board ship

D.to improve cardiac function after transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

"Insufficiency of manning or insufficiency of certification of seafarers" is an identification of a

A.substandard ship

B.standard ship

C.over-standard ship

D.reference ship

SOLAS Stands for the International Convention

A.for the Safety of the Life at Sea

B.for the Prevention from ships

C.on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers

D.for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments

STCW shall apply to seafarers ______on board seagoing ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party.

A.served

B.serving

C.surveyed

D.surveying

The international body responsible for drafting the convention prohibiting marine pollution (MARPOL) is the ______.

A.Maritime Advisory Council

B.International Maritime Organization

C.International Association of Shipping

D.Association of Seafaring Nations