The study highlights how our sense of right and wrong isn't just based on__________, religion and philosophy, but also on the biology of our brain. A．rising-up B．bring-up C．uprising D．upbringing

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.

According to Arthur Herman,the Scots developed many important ideas which modern life depends on.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.

Our current theories of human exchange and enquiry have nothing to do with the ideas devel-oped during the Scottish Enlightenment.
A: Right
B:Wrong
C: Not mentioned

We have a high demand for quality and _______ tolerance for error. Based on our research, that also describes your firm.

A.much
B.none
C.no
D.nothing

Amold Schwarzenegger.Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you.It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.One their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have“done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions-a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws,we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably,rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things.Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will“eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.It’s just that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or even primary,approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action(and rein in polluting businesses),alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
　　The author is concerned that“moral licensing”may_____《》（）

A.mislead us into doing worthless things
B.prevent us from making further efforts
C.weaken our sense of accomplishment
D.suppress our desire for success

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom

In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said,"We look to Scotland for all
our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to
attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modern world
itself.He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most
important ideas on which modern life depends一everything from the scientific method to
market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people
in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运
动）,which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,
philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish
Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right
subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of
how people think and feel.And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live
in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific
method一the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of
Edinburgh,Adam Smith,famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which
mankind does business.Trade,he argued,was a form of information.In pursuing our own
interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.
He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful
through peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at
that time still underpin（构成······的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It
also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence
with orientation（方向）.

Our current theories of human exchange and enquiry have nothing to do with the ideas developed during the Scottish Enlightenment.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom

In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said,"We look to Scotland for all
our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to
attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modern world
itself.He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most
important ideas on which modern life depends一everything from the scientific method to
market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people
in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运
动）,which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,
philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish
Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right
subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of
how people think and feel.And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live
in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific
method一the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of
Edinburgh,Adam Smith,famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which
mankind does business.Trade,he argued,was a form of information.In pursuing our own
interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.
He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful
through peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at
that time still underpin（构成······的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It
also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence
with orientation（方向）.

Scotland is the right place to receive a first-class education.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.

Scotland is the right place to receive a first-class education.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.

David Hume was the first philosopher to study mankind.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned

Have you ever argued with your loved ones over simple misunderstandings（误解）?Little wonder.
We often believe we′re more skillful in getting our point across than we actually are,according to Boza?Keysar,a professor at the University of Chicago.In his recent study,speakers tried to express their?meanings using unclear sentences.Speakers who thought listeners understood were wrong nearly half the?time.Here′s some good advice to reduce misunderstanding:
（1）Don′t trust what you see from the listener.Listeners often nod,look at you or say"uhhuh"to?be polite or move the conversation along.But it′s easy to consider these as signs of understanding.
（2）Train the editor（编辑）in your head.If you say,"Beth discusses her problems with her?husband,"it′s not clear whether she′s talking to her husband or about him.Try instead,"Beth?talks to her husband about her problems."or"Beth talks to others about the problems with her?husband."
（3）Ask listeners to repeat your message.Introduce your request by saying"I?want to be sure I said?that right."Questions like"How does that sound?"or"Does that make sense?"may also work.
（4）Listen well.When on the receiving end,ask questions to be sure you′re on the same?page.After all,it isn′t just the speaker′s job to make his speech understood.


Why does the writer give us the advice?

A.We're not skillful enough to make clear sentences.
B.Misunderstanding is damaging our normal lives.
C.Misunderstanding occurs now and then.
D.It's impolite to say NO to others.

Amold Schwarzenegger.Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you.It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.One their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have“done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions-a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws,we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably,rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things.Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will“eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.It’s just that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or even primary,approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action(and rein in polluting businesses),alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
　　By pointing out out identity“citizens”,the author indicates that_____《》（）

A.our focus should be shifted to community welfare
B.our relationship with local industries is improving
C.We have been actively exercising our civil rights
D.We should press our government to lead the combat

共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom

In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said,"We look to Scotland for all
our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to
attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modern world
itself.He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most
important ideas on which modern life depends一everything from the scientific method to
market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people
in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运
动）,which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,
philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish
Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right
subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of
how people think and feel.And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live
in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific
method一the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of
Edinburgh,Adam Smith,famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which
mankind does business.Trade,he argued,was a form of information.In pursuing our own
interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.
He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful
through peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at
that time still underpin（构成······的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It
also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence
with orientation（方向）.

David Hume was the first philosopher to study mankind.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned