A claim for cargo damages may be held against the shipowner if such damage is the result of failure of the ship's officers to ______.A.ensure the fitness and safety of cargo spacesB.ensure adequate packaging of the cargoC.prevent delays due to quarantine

A declaration made by the Master before a PRC Consul，giving particulars regarding heavy weather or other incidents which may have caused damage to the vessel or cargo，through no fault of the vessel，her officers，or crew is a(n) ______.

A.cargo addendum

B.exception report

C.Master's declaration

D.note of protest

A fire breaks out in ＃4 hold and partially damages some of the cargo．In order to extinguish the fire the hold is flooded thus damaging the remaining cargo in that hold．Which of the following is (are) correct？ ______ ① The damage to the cargo by fire is particular average． ② The damage to the cargo by water is general average．

A.① only

B.② only

C.Both ① and ②

D.Neither ① nor ②

The Shipowner cannot claim contribution from ______ if，after general average expenditure has been incurred，the ship and cargo are lost before the conclusion of the voyage．

A.the Charterers

B.the carriers

C.the cargo owners

D.the persons of the property damaged

If the carrier is responsible for the damage or loss of the cargo，______ will have to pay to the insurance company．

A.the cargo holder

B.the Shipowner

C.the ship's crew

D.the P and I Club

During the process of loading，damages to cargo can be reduced to minimum by ______．

A.Shippers who deliver the cargo to the ship on time

B.Stevedores who handle the cargo with caution

C.Ship's crew members who check the cargo in regular intervals

D.Consignees who take good care of the cargo

Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE regarding lashing requirements to secure vehicles aboard Ro-Ro vessels?

A.It is imperative that the securing of cargo on flats and trailers and in containers be adequate for both road and sea motions

B.The movements experienced by road borne cargo differ significantly from the roll and sway movements of a ship at sea

C.It is necessary for adequate number and strength of securing points on the vehicles themselves in order that lashings may be properly and safely utilized

D.All the above

The master of a ship must collect general average contributions for the benefit of those entitled to them，whether they are cargo owners or ship owner，and ______ the Shipowner's lien on the cargo，where necessary，until they are paid．

A.exercise

B.take

C.make

D.have

The claim for dead freight being a claim for damages for breach of contract，the Shipowner is under a duty，where the Charterer fails to load a full and complete cargo，______ the damage by obtaining other cargo，provided he acts reasonably in so doing．

A.to minimize

B.minimizing

C.minimized

D.have minimized

Which statement about general average is TRUE ________．

A.Damage to a ship must have been incurred while the ship and/or its machinery was being used for its intended purpose

B.Property must have been sacrificed or an expenditure of money incurred

C.The loss or damage to deck cargo due to heavy weather constitutes general average

D.Of the ship，the freight，and the cargo interests，only one need be involved

材料：

The carrier who does not pack a container cannot determine the sufficiency of packing of individual cartons within the container．Thus the carrier is not estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper，even where the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading．

The principle of estoppel only applies to the apparent order and condition of the exterior of the container．The carrier has no duty to inspect the cargo of the shipper-packed container，unless its packaging is apparently inadequate or the shipper has given the carrier special instructions as to the special requirements of the cargo．This view places the burden of inspection and ascertainment of special stowage needs on the party most likely to know of or best equipped to discover such needs．

Both the condition of the container and the packing of the individual objects inside are important．The condition of the container supplied by a shipper may preclude recovery by cargo interests in various situations，for example，where the container&39;s insufficient ventilation causes the GOODs to spoil．

Improper packing of objects（e.g．defective“stuffing”of GOODs into a container）may also constitute a case of insufficiency of packing by the shipper．For example，antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal had been shipped in containers．The porcelain and crystal which had been packed in cartons suffered no damage，but the furniture and antiques which had only been wrapped in paper were damaged. The carrier was not held responsible as the packing was deemed to be insufficient．

问题：

If the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading for the general cargo on board of his ship，he will be ________．

A.precluded from recovery of any loss or damage from any interests

B.prevented from making a denial that the cargo was packed in apparently GOOD order and condition

C.entitled to make any allegation that contradicts what he has previously stated that the cargo was properly packed

D.estopped from proving the sufficiency of packing of the GOODs

It is inferred that this passage prepared to protect the interests of ________．A.the shipper

B.the supplier of containers

C.the cargo interests

D.the carrier

It is implied in the passage that ________．A.the carrier will not be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the carrier

B.the carrier will in no way be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the shipper

C.the carrier will be estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper even he has issued a clean bill of lading

D.by the principle of estoppel，the carrier will not be held responsible even the cargoes，such as antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal，had been shipped in one container

The insufficient ventilation of a container supplied by a shipper that causes the GOODs to spoil may preclude recovery ________．A.by the cargo interests against the carrier

B.by the carrier against the owners

C.by the shipper against cargo interests

D.by the carrier against the cargo interests

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！